AUTHORS: S. Yassin, Adel Z. El Dein

Download as PDF

ABSTRACT: One of faults that occur in electric power system is due to the striking of lightning current pulses. The current in lightning pulse is up to some kilos of ampere and has high content of frequency. The main objective of grounding system is taking these pulses to earth. Due to high current in pulses the soil ionization effect takes place. This paper presents harmonic impedance of horizontal grounding electrode when it is hit by fast lightning current pulses. Also, this study takes into account soil ionization effect. As well as, in this paper a comparison between harmonic impedance when soil ionization effect is taken into account or not, is done. Transmission line (TL) approach is used within this study. The effect of soil electrical parameters, length of grounding electrode and type of lightning stroke are considered in this study.

KEYWORDS: Current pluses, soil conductivity, soil ionization effect, transmission line approach, transient impedance.

REFERENCES:

[1] Leonid Grcev, “Modeling of grounding electrodes under lightning currents,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 51, No. 3, Aug. 2009, pp. 559–571.

[2] S.Visacor, “A Comprehensive Approach to the Grounding Response to Lightning Currents,” IEEE Trans. power delivery, Vol. 22, No. 1, January. 2007, pp. 381–386.

[3] Leonid Grcev, “Time and Frequency – Dependent Lightning Surge Characteristics of Grounding Electrodes,” IEEE Trans. power delivery, Vol. 24, No. 4, Oct. 2009, pp. 2186–2196.

[4] José Osvaldo Saldanha Paulino, Wallace Do Couto Boaventura, Alexander Barros Lima, and Maurissone Ferreira Guimarães, “Transient voltage response of ground electrodes in the time-domain,” International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Vienna, Austria, 2012, pp. 1-6.

[5] Leonid Grcev, “Improved Design of Power Transmission Line Arrangements For Better Protection Against Effects Of Lightning, ” International Conference symposium on EMC, Roma, Italy, 1998, pp. 100-103.

[6] Rafael Alipio and S.Visacor, “Frequency Dependence of Soil Parameters: Effect on the Lightning Response of Grounding Electrodes,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 55, No. 1, February 2013, pp. 132–139.

[7] Damir Cavka, Nicolas Mora, Farhad Rachidi, and Dragan Poljak, “on the Application of frequency dependent soil to the transient analysis of grounding electrodes,” International Conference symposium on EMC, Brugge, Belgium, 2013, pp. 777-781.

[8] Damir Cavka, Nicolas Mora, and Farhad Rachidi, “A Comparison of Frequency-Dependent Soil Models: Application to the Analysis of Grounding Systems,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 56, No. 1, 2014, pp. 177–187.

[9] Idir Djamel, Fouad H. Slaoui, and Semaan Georges, ―Transient Response of Grounding Systems under Impulse Lightning Current,‖ Conf. Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability (PQ), Estonia, Aug.

[10] Leonid Grcev, “On high-frequency circuit equivalents of a vertical ground rod,” IEEE Trans. power delivery, Vol. 20, No. 2, April. 2005. pp. 1598–1603.

[11] L. Grcev and S. Grceva, “On high-frequency circuit of horizontal grounding electrodes,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 51, No. 3, August. 2009, pp. 873–875.

[12]Rafael Alipio and S.Visacor, ―How the Frequency Dependence of Soil Parameters Affect the Lightning Response of Grounding Electrodes, International Conference on Lightning Protection, Vienna/Austria, 2012, pp. 1- 4.

[13] Adriana G. Pedrosa, Marco Aurélio O. Shroeder, Márcio M. Afonso, Rafael S. Alípio, Sandro de Castro Assis, Tarcísio A. S. Oliveira, and Anísio R. Braga, ―Transient response of grounding electrodes for the frequency-dependence of soil parameters,‖ IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Latin America, 2010, pp. 839-845.

[14] S. Visacro, “A comprehensive approach to the grounding response to lightning currents,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 22, No. I, Jan 2007, pp. 381-386.

[15] Ronalda E. de Souza, Fernando H. Silveira, Silverio Visacro, “The Effect of Soil Ionization on the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines,” International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Shanghai, China, 2014, pp. 1307-1311.

[16]J.P. Wang, A.C. Liew, and M. Darveniza, “Extension of dynamic model of impulse behavior of concentrated grounds at high currents,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2005, pp. 2160–2165.

[17] E. E Oettle, ―A new general estimation curve for predicting the impulse impedance of concentrated earth electrodes,‖ IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1988, pp. 2020-2029.

[18] T.K. Manna, P. Chowdhury, “Generalized equation of soil critical electric field Ec based on impulse tests and measured soil electrical parameters,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib, Vol. 1, No. 5, 2007, pp. 811-817.

[19] Mehrdad Mokhtari, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, “A Critical Review on Soil Ionisation Modelling For Grounding Electrodes,” Archives Of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2016, pp. 449-461.

[20] K. H. Weck, 'Remarks to the current dependence of tower footing resistance', CIGRE 33-85, WGOI, IWDI8, 1985.

[21]ClGRE, 'Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines, WG 01 (Lightning), Study Committee 33', 1991.

[22]Bellaschi P.L., Armington R.E., Snowden A.E., “Impulse and 60-cycle characteristics of driven grounds-II,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 61 No. 6, 1942, pp. 349-363.

[23]C. Christopoulos, the Transmission-Line Modeling Method in Electro-magnetics. San Rafael, CA, USA: Morgan & Claypool, 2006.

[24] D. S. Gazzana, A. S. Bretas, G. A. D. Dias, and M. Telló, “Transient response of grounding electrode with emphasis on the transmission line modeling method (TLM),” presented at the 30th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Cagliari, Italy, 2010.

[25]Rong Zeng, Xuehai Gong, Jinliang He, Bo Zhang, and Yanqing Gao, “Lightning impulse performances of grounding grids for substations considering soil ionization,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 23, No. 2, Apr. 2008, pp. 667- 675.

[26] Y. Q. Liu, N. Theethayi, R. Thottappillil, R. M. Gonzalez, and M. Zitnik, “An improved model for soil ionization around grounding system and its application to stratified soil,” J. Electrostat., Vol. 60, No. 3–4, 2004, pp. 203–209.

[27] Nor N.M., Haddad A., Griffiths H., “Characterization of ionization phenomena in soils under fast impulses,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No.1, 2006, pp. 353-361.

[28] Liew A.C., Darveniza M., Dynamic model of impulse characteristics of concentrated earths, Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 121, No.2, 1974, pp. 123-135.

[29] Majed Akbari, Keyhan Sheshyekani, and Mohamad Reza Alemi, “The Effect of Frequency Dependence of Soil Electrical Parameters on the Lightning Performance of Grounding Systems,” IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2013, pp. 739–746.

[30] Karami, Hamidreza, and Keyhan Sheshyekani, “Harmonic Impedance of Grounding Electrodes Buried in a Horizontally Stratified Multilayer Ground: A Full-Wave Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2017. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/807822 6/

[31] Leonid Grcev, ―Impulse efficiency of ground electrodes,‖ IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 441- 450.

[32] F. Heidler, J. Cvetic´, ―A Class of Analytical Functions to Study the Lightning Effects Associated With the Current Front,‖ ETEP Vol. 12, No. 2, March/April 2002.

[33] Leonid Grcev, “High-frequency performance of ground rods in highly resistive soil,” International Conference on grounding and earthing, Belo Horizonte / Brazil, June. 2000, pp. 85-89.

[34] Leonid Grcev, “Impulse Efficiency of Grounding Electrode Arrangements,” 18th International Conference Zurich symposium on EMC, Munich /Germany, 2007, pp. 325-328.

[35] L. Grcev, B. Markovski, V. Arnautovski-Toseva, and K.E.K.Drissi, “Transient analysis of grounding systems without computer,” International Conference on Lightning Protection, Vienna/Austria, 2012, pp. 1-6.

[36] L. Grcev and V. Arnautovski, “Comparison between simulation and measurement of frequency dependent and characteristics of power transmission line grounding,” 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, U. K, 1998, pp. 524-529.

[37] L. Grcev and V. Arnautovski, “Grounding System Modeling for High Frequencies and Transient: Fundamental Considerations,” IEEE Bologna power tech conference, Bologna / Italy, June 2003, vol. 3, pp. 1-7.

[38] L.Grcev and M. Heimbach, “Frequency Dependent and Transient Characteristic of Substation Grounding System,” IEEE Trans. power delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1997, pp. 172–178.